From a2e00522971897909db2a81b4daf10e5700f453e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001

From: =?UTF-8?q?Zbigniew=20J=C4=99drzejewski-Szmek?= <zbyszek@in.waw.pl>

Date: Fri, 15 Mar 2019 10:13:55 +0100

Subject: [PATCH] man: reorder and add examples to systemd-analyze(1)

The number of verbs supported by systemd-analyze has grown quite a bit, and the

man page has become an unreadable wall of text. Let's put each verb in a

separate subsection, grouping similar verbs together, and add a lot of examples

to guide the user.

(cherry picked from commit d323a99001c1f7625e8ac902e18deb514a4ca18d)

Related: #1750343

---

 man/systemd-analyze.xml | 678 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------

 1 file changed, 429 insertions(+), 249 deletions(-)

diff --git a/man/systemd-analyze.xml b/man/systemd-analyze.xml

index f3b595880f..7c873cbdd1 100644

--- a/man/systemd-analyze.xml

+++ b/man/systemd-analyze.xml

@@ -41,46 +41,50 @@

       <arg choice="plain">critical-chain</arg>

       <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></arg>

     </cmdsynopsis>

+

     <cmdsynopsis>

       <command>systemd-analyze</command>

       <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>

-      <arg choice="plain">plot</arg>

-      <arg choice="opt">> file.svg</arg>

+      <arg choice="plain">log-level</arg>

+      <arg choice="opt"><replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable></arg>

     </cmdsynopsis>

     <cmdsynopsis>

       <command>systemd-analyze</command>

       <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>

-      <arg choice="plain">dot</arg>

-      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable></arg>

-      <arg choice="opt">> file.dot</arg>

+      <arg choice="plain">log-target</arg>

+      <arg choice="opt"><replaceable>TARGET</replaceable></arg>

     </cmdsynopsis>

     <cmdsynopsis>

       <command>systemd-analyze</command>

       <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>

-      <arg choice="plain">dump</arg>

+      <arg choice="plain">service-watchdogs</arg>

+      <arg choice="opt"><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></arg>

     </cmdsynopsis>

+

     <cmdsynopsis>

       <command>systemd-analyze</command>

       <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>

-      <arg choice="plain">cat-config</arg>

-      <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>NAME</replaceable>|<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></arg>

+      <arg choice="plain">dump</arg>

     </cmdsynopsis>

+

     <cmdsynopsis>

       <command>systemd-analyze</command>

       <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>

-      <arg choice="plain">unit-paths</arg>

+      <arg choice="plain">plot</arg>

+      <arg choice="opt">>file.svg</arg>

     </cmdsynopsis>

     <cmdsynopsis>

       <command>systemd-analyze</command>

       <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>

-      <arg choice="plain">log-level</arg>

-      <arg choice="opt"><replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable></arg>

+      <arg choice="plain">dot</arg>

+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable></arg>

+      <arg choice="opt">>file.dot</arg>

     </cmdsynopsis>

+

     <cmdsynopsis>

       <command>systemd-analyze</command>

       <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>

-      <arg choice="plain">log-target</arg>

-      <arg choice="opt"><replaceable>TARGET</replaceable></arg>

+      <arg choice="plain">unit-paths</arg>

     </cmdsynopsis>

     <cmdsynopsis>

       <command>systemd-analyze</command>

@@ -91,20 +95,20 @@

     <cmdsynopsis>

       <command>systemd-analyze</command>

       <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>

-      <arg choice="plain">verify</arg>

-      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>FILES</replaceable></arg>

+      <arg choice="plain">calendar</arg>

+      <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>SPECS</replaceable></arg>

     </cmdsynopsis>

     <cmdsynopsis>

       <command>systemd-analyze</command>

       <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>

-      <arg choice="plain">calendar</arg>

-      <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>SPECS</replaceable></arg>

+      <arg choice="plain">timespan</arg>

+      <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>SPAN</replaceable></arg>

     </cmdsynopsis>

     <cmdsynopsis>

       <command>systemd-analyze</command>

       <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>

-      <arg choice="plain">service-watchdogs</arg>

-      <arg choice="opt"><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></arg>

+      <arg choice="plain">cat-config</arg>

+      <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>NAME</replaceable>|<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></arg>

     </cmdsynopsis>

     <cmdsynopsis>

       <command>systemd-analyze</command>

@@ -123,73 +127,299 @@

     verify the correctness of unit files. It is also used to access

     special functions useful for advanced system manager debugging.</para>

-    <para><command>systemd-analyze time</command> prints the time

-    spent in the kernel before userspace has been reached, the time

-    spent in the initial RAM disk (initrd) before normal system

-    userspace has been reached, and the time normal system userspace

-    took to initialize. Note that these measurements simply measure

-    the time passed up to the point where all system services have

-    been spawned, but not necessarily until they fully finished

-    initialization or the disk is idle.</para>

-

-    <para><command>systemd-analyze blame</command> prints a list of

-    all running units, ordered by the time they took to initialize.

-    This information may be used to optimize boot-up times. Note that

-    the output might be misleading as the initialization of one

-    service might be slow simply because it waits for the

-    initialization of another service to complete.

-    Also note: <command>systemd-analyze blame</command> doesn't display

-    results for services with <varname>Type=simple</varname>,

-    because systemd considers such services to be started immediately,

-    hence no measurement of the initialization delays can be done.</para>

-

-    <para><command>systemd-analyze critical-chain

-    [<replaceable>UNIT…</replaceable>]</command> prints a tree of

-    the time-critical chain of units (for each of the specified

-    <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>s or for the default target

-    otherwise). The time after the unit is active or started is

-    printed after the "@" character. The time the unit takes to start

-    is printed after the "+" character. Note that the output might be

-    misleading as the initialization of one service might depend on

-    socket activation and because of the parallel execution of

-    units.</para>

-

-    <para><command>systemd-analyze plot</command> prints an SVG

-    graphic detailing which system services have been started at what

-    time, highlighting the time they spent on initialization.</para>

-

-    <para><command>systemd-analyze dot</command> generates textual

-    dependency graph description in dot format for further processing

-    with the GraphViz

-    <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>dot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

-    tool. Use a command line like <command>systemd-analyze dot | dot

-    -Tsvg > systemd.svg</command> to generate a graphical dependency

-    tree. Unless <option>--order</option> or

-    <option>--require</option> is passed, the generated graph will

-    show both ordering and requirement dependencies. Optional pattern

-    globbing style specifications (e.g. <filename>*.target</filename>)

-    may be given at the end. A unit dependency is included in the

-    graph if any of these patterns match either the origin or

-    destination node.</para>

-

-    <para><command>systemd-analyze dump</command> outputs a (usually

-    very long) human-readable serialization of the complete server

-    state. Its format is subject to change without notice and should

-    not be parsed by applications.</para>

-

-    <para><command>systemd-analyze cat-config</command> is similar

-    to <command>systemctl cat</command>, but operates on config files.

-    It will copy the contents of a config file and any drop-ins to standard

-    output, using the usual systemd set of directories and rules for

-    precedence. Each argument must be either an absolute path including

-    the prefix (such as <filename>/etc/systemd/logind.conf</filename> or

-    <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf</filename>), or a name

-    relative to the prefix (such as <filename>systemd/logind.conf</filename>).

-    </para>

+    <para>If no command is passed, <command>systemd-analyze

+    time</command> is implied.</para>

+

+    <refsect2>

+      <title><command>systemd-analyze time</command></title>

+

+      <para>This command prints the time spent in the kernel before userspace has been reached, the time

+      spent in the initial RAM disk (initrd) before normal system userspace has been reached, and the time

+      normal system userspace took to initialize. Note that these measurements simply measure the time passed

+      up to the point where all system services have been spawned, but not necessarily until they fully

+      finished initialization or the disk is idle.</para>

+

+      <example>

+        <title><command>Show how long the boot took</command></title>

+

+        <programlisting># in a container

+$ systemd-analyze time

+Startup finished in 296ms (userspace)

+multi-user.target reached after 275ms in userspace

+

+# on a real machine

+$ systemd-analyze time

+Startup finished in 2.584s (kernel) + 19.176s (initrd) + 47.847s (userspace) = 1min 9.608s

+multi-user.target reached after 47.820s in userspace

+</programlisting>

+      </example>

+    </refsect2>

+

+    <refsect2>

+      <title><command>systemd-analyze blame</command></title>

+

+      <para>This command prints a list of all running units, ordered by the time they took to initialize.

+      This information may be used to optimize boot-up times. Note that the output might be misleading as the

+      initialization of one service might be slow simply because it waits for the initialization of another

+      service to complete.  Also note: <command>systemd-analyze blame</command> doesn't display results for

+      services with <varname>Type=simple</varname>, because systemd considers such services to be started

+      immediately, hence no measurement of the initialization delays can be done.</para>

+

+      <example>

+        <title><command>Show which units took the most time during boot</command></title>

+

+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze blame

+         32.875s pmlogger.service

+         20.905s systemd-networkd-wait-online.service

+         13.299s dev-vda1.device

+         ...

+            23ms sysroot.mount

+            11ms initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service

+             3ms sys-kernel-config.mount

+        </programlisting>

+      </example>

+    </refsect2>

+

+    <refsect2>

+      <title><command>systemd-analyze critical-chain <optional><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>...</optional></command></title>

+

+      <para>This command prints a tree of the time-critical chain of units (for each of the specified

+      <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>s or for the default target otherwise). The time after the unit is

+      active or started is printed after the "@" character. The time the unit takes to start is printed after

+      the "+" character. Note that the output might be misleading as the initialization of services might

+      depend on socket activation and because of the parallel execution of units.</para>

+

+      <example>

+        <title><command>systemd-analyze time</command></title>

+

+      <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze critical-chain

+multi-user.target @47.820s

+└─pmie.service @35.968s +548ms

+  └─pmcd.service @33.715s +2.247s

+    └─network-online.target @33.712s

+      └─systemd-networkd-wait-online.service @12.804s +20.905s

+        └─systemd-networkd.service @11.109s +1.690s

+          └─systemd-udevd.service @9.201s +1.904s

+            └─systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service @7.306s +1.776s

+              └─kmod-static-nodes.service @6.976s +177ms

+                └─systemd-journald.socket

+                  └─system.slice

+                    └─-.slice

+</programlisting>

+      </example>

+    </refsect2>

+

+    <refsect2>

+      <title><command>systemd-analyze log-level [<replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable>]</command></title>

+

+      <para><command>systemd-analyze log-level</command> prints the current log level of the

+      <command>systemd</command> daemon.  If an optional argument <replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable> is

+      provided, then the command changes the current log level of the <command>systemd</command> daemon to

+      <replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable> (accepts the same values as <option>--log-level=</option> described in

+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>).</para>

+    </refsect2>

+

+    <refsect2>

+      <title><command>systemd-analyze log-target [<replaceable>TARGET</replaceable>]</command></title>

+

+      <para><command>systemd-analyze log-target</command> prints the current log target of the

+      <command>systemd</command> daemon.  If an optional argument <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> is

+      provided, then the command changes the current log target of the <command>systemd</command> daemon to

+      <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> (accepts the same values as <option>--log-target=</option>, described

+      in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>).</para>

+    </refsect2>

+

+    <refsect2>

+      <title><command>systemd-analyze service-watchdogs [yes|no]</command></title>

+

+      <para><command>systemd-analyze service-watchdogs</command> prints the current state of service runtime

+      watchdogs of the <command>systemd</command> daemon. If an optional boolean argument is provided, then

+      globally enables or disables the service runtime watchdogs (<option>WatchdogSec=</option>) and

+      emergency actions (e.g.  <option>OnFailure=</option> or <option>StartLimitAction=</option>); see

+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

+      The hardware watchdog is not affected by this setting.</para>

+    </refsect2>

+

+    <refsect2>

+      <title><command>systemd-analyze dump</command></title>

+

+      <para>This command outputs a (usually very long) human-readable serialization of the complete server

+      state. Its format is subject to change without notice and should not be parsed by applications.</para>

+

+      <example>

+        <title>Show the internal state of user manager</title>

+

+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze --user dump

+Timestamp userspace: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET

+Timestamp finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET

+Timestamp generators-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET

+Timestamp generators-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET

+Timestamp units-load-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET

+Timestamp units-load-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET

+-> Unit proc-timer_list.mount:

+        Description: /proc/timer_list

+        ...

+-> Unit default.target:

+        Description: Main user target

+...

+</programlisting>

+      </example>

+    </refsect2>

+

+    <refsect2>

+      <title><command>systemd-analyze plot</command></title>

+

+      <para>This command prints an SVG graphic detailing which system services have been started at what

+      time, highlighting the time they spent on initialization.</para>

+

+      <example>

+        <title><command>Plot a bootchart</command></title>

+

+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze plot >bootup.svg

+$ eog bootup.svg&

+</programlisting>

+      </example>

+    </refsect2>

+

+    <refsect2>

+      <title><command>systemd-analyze dot [<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>...]</command></title>

+

+      <para>This command generates textual dependency graph description in dot format for further processing

+      with the GraphViz

+      <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>dot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

+      tool. Use a command line like <command>systemd-analyze dot | dot -Tsvg >systemd.svg</command> to

+      generate a graphical dependency tree. Unless <option>--order</option> or <option>--require</option> is

+      passed, the generated graph will show both ordering and requirement dependencies. Optional pattern

+      globbing style specifications (e.g. <filename>*.target</filename>) may be given at the end. A unit

+      dependency is included in the graph if any of these patterns match either the origin or destination

+      node.</para>

+

+      <example>

+        <title>Plot all dependencies of any unit whose name starts with <literal>avahi-daemon</literal>

+        </title>

+

+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze dot 'avahi-daemon.*' | dot -Tsvg >avahi.svg

+$ eog avahi.svg</programlisting>

+      </example>

+

+      <example>

+        <title>Plot the dependencies between all known target units</title>

-    <example>

-      <title>Showing logind configuration</title>

-      <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/logind.conf

+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze dot --to-pattern='*.target' --from-pattern='*.target' \

+      | dot -Tsvg >targets.svg

+$ eog targets.svg</programlisting>

+      </example>

+    </refsect2>

+

+    <refsect2>

+      <title><command>systemd-analyze unit-paths</command></title>

+

+      <para>This command outputs a list of all directories from which unit files, <filename>.d</filename>

+      overrides, and <filename>.wants</filename>, <filename>.requires</filename> symlinks may be

+      loaded. Combine with <option>--user</option> to retrieve the list for the user manager instance, and

+      <option>--global</option> for the global configuration of user manager instances.</para>

+

+      <example>

+        <title><command>Show all paths for generated units</command></title>

+

+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze unit-paths | grep '^/run'

+/run/systemd/system.control

+/run/systemd/transient

+/run/systemd/generator.early

+/run/systemd/system

+/run/systemd/system.attached

+/run/systemd/generator

+/run/systemd/generator.late

+</programlisting>

+      </example>

+

+      <para>Note that this verb prints the list that is compiled into <command>systemd-analyze</command>

+      itself, and does not comunicate with the running manager. Use

+      <programlisting>systemctl [--user] [--global] show -p UnitPath --value</programlisting>

+      to retrieve the actual list that the manager uses, with any empty directories omitted.</para>

+    </refsect2>

+

+    <refsect2>

+      <title><command>systemd-analyze syscall-filter <optional><replaceable>SET</replaceable>...</optional></command></title>

+

+      <para>This command will list system calls contained in the specified system call set

+      <replaceable>SET</replaceable>, or all known sets if no sets are specified. Argument

+      <replaceable>SET</replaceable> must include the <literal>@</literal> prefix.</para>

+    </refsect2>

+

+    <refsect2>

+      <title><command>systemd-analyze calendar <replaceable>EXPRESSION</replaceable>...</command></title>

+

+      <para>This command will parse and normalize repetitive calendar time events, and will calculate when

+      they elapse next. This takes the same input as the <varname>OnCalendar=</varname> setting in

+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,

+      following the syntax described in

+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>. By

+      default, only the next time the calendar expression will elapse is shown; use

+      <option>--iterations=</option> to show the specified number of next times the expression

+      elapses.</para>

+

+      <example>

+        <title>Show leap days in the near future</title>

+

+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze calendar --iterations=5 '*-2-29 0:0:0'

+  Original form: *-2-29 0:0:0

+Normalized form: *-02-29 00:00:00

+    Next elapse: Sat 2020-02-29 00:00:00 UTC

+       From now: 11 months 15 days left

+       Iter. #2: Thu 2024-02-29 00:00:00 UTC

+       From now: 4 years 11 months left

+       Iter. #3: Tue 2028-02-29 00:00:00 UTC

+       From now: 8 years 11 months left

+       Iter. #4: Sun 2032-02-29 00:00:00 UTC

+       From now: 12 years 11 months left

+       Iter. #5: Fri 2036-02-29 00:00:00 UTC

+       From now: 16 years 11 months left

+</programlisting>

+      </example>

+    </refsect2>

+

+    <refsect2>

+      <title><command>systemd-analyze timespan <replaceable>EXPRESSION</replaceable>...</command></title>

+

+      <para>This command parses a time span and outputs the normalized form and the equivalent value in

+      microseconds. The time span should adhere to the same syntax documented in

+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

+      Values without associated magnitudes are parsed as seconds.</para>

+

+      <example>

+        <title>Show parsing of timespans</title>

+

+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze timespan 1s 300s '1year 0.000001s'

+Original: 1s

+      μs: 1000000

+   Human: 1s

+

+Original: 300s

+      μs: 300000000

+   Human: 5min

+

+Original: 1year 0.000001s

+      μs: 31557600000001

+   Human: 1y 1us

+</programlisting>

+      </example>

+    </refsect2>

+

+    <refsect2>

+      <title><command>systemd-analyze cat-config</command>

+      <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>|<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>...</title>

+

+      <para>This command is similar to <command>systemctl cat</command>, but operates on config files. It

+      will copy the contents of a config file and any drop-ins to standard output, using the usual systemd

+      set of directories and rules for precedence. Each argument must be either an absolute path including

+      the prefix (such as <filename>/etc/systemd/logind.conf</filename> or

+      <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf</filename>), or a name relative to the prefix (such as

+      <filename>systemd/logind.conf</filename>).</para>

+

+      <example>

+        <title>Showing logind configuration</title>

+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/logind.conf

 # /etc/systemd/logind.conf

 ...

 [Login]

@@ -201,90 +431,122 @@ NAutoVTs=8

 # /etc/systemd/logind.conf.d/50-override.conf

 ... some administrator override

-      </programlisting>

-    </example>

-

-    <para><command>systemd-analyze unit-paths</command> outputs a list of all

-    directories from which unit files, <filename>.d</filename> overrides, and

-    <filename>.wants</filename>, <filename>.requires</filename> symlinks may be

-    loaded. Combine with <option>--user</option> to retrieve the list for the user

-    manager instance, and <option>--global</option> for the global configuration of

-    user manager instances. Note that this verb prints the list that is compiled into

-    <command>systemd-analyze</command> itself, and does not comunicate with the

-    running manager. Use

-    <programlisting>systemctl [--user] [--global] show -p UnitPath --value</programlisting>

-    to retrieve the actual list that the manager uses, with any empty directories

-    omitted.</para>

-

-    <para><command>systemd-analyze log-level</command>

-    prints the current log level of the <command>systemd</command> daemon.

-    If an optional argument <replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable> is provided, then the command changes the current log

-    level of the <command>systemd</command> daemon to <replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable> (accepts the same values as

-    <option>--log-level=</option> described in

-    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>).</para>

-

-    <para><command>systemd-analyze log-target</command>

-    prints the current log target of the <command>systemd</command> daemon.

-    If an optional argument <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> is provided, then the command changes the current log

-    target of the <command>systemd</command> daemon to <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> (accepts the same values as

-    <option>--log-target=</option>, described in

-    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>).</para>

-

-    <para><command>systemd-analyze syscall-filter <optional><replaceable>SET</replaceable>…</optional></command>

-    will list system calls contained in the specified system call set <replaceable>SET</replaceable>,

-    or all known sets if no sets are specified. Argument <replaceable>SET</replaceable> must include

-    the <literal>@</literal> prefix.</para>

-

-    <para><command>systemd-analyze verify</command> will load unit files and print

-    warnings if any errors are detected. Files specified on the command line will be

-    loaded, but also any other units referenced by them. The full unit search path is

-    formed by combining the directories for all command line arguments, and the usual unit

-    load paths (variable <varname>$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH</varname> is supported, and may be

-    used to replace or augment the compiled in set of unit load paths; see

-    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).

-    All units files present in the directories containing the command line arguments will

-    be used in preference to the other paths.</para>

-

-    <para><command>systemd-analyze calendar</command> will parse and normalize repetitive calendar time events, and

-    will calculate when they will elapse next. This takes the same input as the <varname>OnCalendar=</varname> setting

-    in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, following the

-    syntax described in

-    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

-

-    <para><command>systemd-analyze service-watchdogs</command>

-    prints the current state of service runtime watchdogs of the <command>systemd</command> daemon.

-    If an optional boolean argument is provided, then globally enables or disables the service

-    runtime watchdogs (<option>WatchdogSec=</option>) and emergency actions (e.g.

-    <option>OnFailure=</option> or <option>StartLimitAction=</option>); see

-    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

-    The hardware watchdog is not affected by this setting.</para>

-

-    <para><command>systemd-analyze security</command> analyzes the security and sandboxing settings of one or more

-    specified service units. If at least one unit name is specified the security settings of the specified service

-    units are inspected and a detailed analysis is shown. If no unit name is specified, all currently loaded,

-    long-running service units are inspected and a terse table with results shown. The command checks for various

-    security-related service settings, assigning each a numeric "exposure level" value, depending on how important a

-    setting is. It then calculates an overall exposure level for the whole unit, which is an estimation in the range

-    0.0…10.0 indicating how exposed a service is security-wise. High exposure levels indicate very little applied

-    sandboxing. Low exposure levels indicate tight sandboxing and strongest security restrictions. Note that this only

-    analyzes the per-service security features systemd itself implements. This means that any additional security

-    mechanisms applied by the service code itself are not accounted for. The exposure level determined this way should

-    not be misunderstood: a high exposure level neither means that there is no effective sandboxing applied by the

-    service code itself, nor that the service is actually vulnerable to remote or local attacks. High exposure levels

-    do indicate however that most likely the service might benefit from additional settings applied to them. Please

-    note that many of the security and sandboxing settings individually can be circumvented — unless combined with

-    others. For example, if a service retains the privilege to establish or undo mount points many of the sandboxing

-    options can be undone by the service code itself. Due to that is essential that each service uses the most

-    comprehensive and strict sandboxing and security settings possible. The tool will take into account some of these

-    combinations and relationships between the settings, but not all. Also note that the security and sandboxing

-    settings analyzed here only apply to the operations executed by the service code itself. If a service has access to

-    an IPC system (such as D-Bus) it might request operations from other services that are not subject to the same

-    restrictions. Any comprehensive security and sandboxing analysis is hence incomplete if the IPC access policy is

-    not validated too.</para>

+        </programlisting>

+      </example>

+    </refsect2>

-    <para>If no command is passed, <command>systemd-analyze

-    time</command> is implied.</para>

+    <refsect2>

+      <title><command>systemd-analyze verify <replaceable>FILE</replaceable>...</command></title>

+

+      <para>This command will load unit files and print warnings if any errors are detected. Files specified

+      on the command line will be loaded, but also any other units referenced by them. The full unit search

+      path is formed by combining the directories for all command line arguments, and the usual unit load

+      paths (variable <varname>$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH</varname> is supported, and may be used to replace or

+      augment the compiled in set of unit load paths; see

+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).  All

+      units files present in the directories containing the command line arguments will be used in preference

+      to the other paths.</para>

+

+      <para>The following errors are currently detected:</para>

+      <itemizedlist>

+        <listitem><para>unknown sections and directives,</para></listitem>

+

+        <listitem><para>missing dependencies which are required to start the given unit,</para></listitem>

+

+        <listitem><para>man pages listed in <varname>Documentation=</varname> which are not found in the

+        system,</para></listitem>

+

+        <listitem><para>commands listed in <varname>ExecStart=</varname> and similar which are not found in

+        the system or not executable.</para></listitem>

+      </itemizedlist>

+      <example>

+        <title>Misspelt directives</title>

+

+        <programlisting>$ cat ./user.slice

+[Unit]

+WhatIsThis=11

+Documentation=man:nosuchfile(1)

+Requires=different.service

+

+[Service]

+Description=x

+

+$ systemd-analyze verify ./user.slice

+[./user.slice:9] Unknown lvalue 'WhatIsThis' in section 'Unit'

+[./user.slice:13] Unknown section 'Service'. Ignoring.

+Error: org.freedesktop.systemd1.LoadFailed:

+   Unit different.service failed to load:

+   No such file or directory.

+Failed to create user.slice/start: Invalid argument

+user.slice: man nosuchfile(1) command failed with code 16

+        </programlisting>

+      </example>

+

+      <example>

+        <title>Missing service units</title>

+

+        <programlisting>$ tail ./a.socket ./b.socket

+==> ./a.socket <==

+[Socket]

+ListenStream=100

+

+==> ./b.socket <==

+[Socket]

+ListenStream=100

+Accept=yes

+

+$ systemd-analyze verify ./a.socket ./b.socket

+Service a.service not loaded, a.socket cannot be started.

+Service b@0.service not loaded, b.socket cannot be started.

+        </programlisting>

+      </example>

+    </refsect2>

+

+    <refsect2>

+      <title><command>systemd-analyze security <optional><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>...</optional></command></title>

+

+      <para>This command analyzes the security and sandboxing settings of one or more specified service

+      units. If at least one unit name is specified the security settings of the specified service units are

+      inspected and a detailed analysis is shown. If no unit name is specified, all currently loaded,

+      long-running service units are inspected and a terse table with results shown. The command checks for

+      various security-related service settings, assigning each a numeric "exposure level" value, depending

+      on how important a setting is. It then calculates an overall exposure level for the whole unit, which

+      is an estimation in the range 0.0…10.0 indicating how exposed a service is security-wise. High exposure

+      levels indicate very little applied sandboxing. Low exposure levels indicate tight sandboxing and

+      strongest security restrictions. Note that this only analyzes the per-service security features systemd

+      itself implements. This means that any additional security mechanisms applied by the service code

+      itself are not accounted for. The exposure level determined this way should not be misunderstood: a

+      high exposure level neither means that there is no effective sandboxing applied by the service code

+      itself, nor that the service is actually vulnerable to remote or local attacks. High exposure levels do

+      indicate however that most likely the service might benefit from additional settings applied to

+      them.</para>

+

+      <para>Please note that many of the security and sandboxing settings individually can be circumvented —

+      unless combined with others. For example, if a service retains the privilege to establish or undo mount

+      points many of the sandboxing options can be undone by the service code itself. Due to that is

+      essential that each service uses the most comprehensive and strict sandboxing and security settings

+      possible. The tool will take into account some of these combinations and relationships between the

+      settings, but not all. Also note that the security and sandboxing settings analyzed here only apply to

+      the operations executed by the service code itself. If a service has access to an IPC system (such as

+      D-Bus) it might request operations from other services that are not subject to the same

+      restrictions. Any comprehensive security and sandboxing analysis is hence incomplete if the IPC access

+      policy is not validated too.</para>

+

+      <example>

+      <title>Analyze <filename noindex="true">systemd-logind.service</filename></title>

+

+      <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze security --no-pager systemd-logind.service

+  NAME                DESCRIPTION                              EXPOSURE

+✗ PrivateNetwork=     Service has access to the host's network      0.5

+✗ User=/DynamicUser=  Service runs as root user                     0.4

+✗ DeviceAllow=        Service has no device ACL                     0.2

+✓ IPAddressDeny=      Service blocks all IP address ranges

+...

+→ Overall exposure level for systemd-logind.service: 4.1 OK 🙂

+</programlisting>

+      </example>

+    </refsect2>

   </refsect1>

   <refsect1>

@@ -408,88 +670,6 @@ NAutoVTs=8

     otherwise.</para>

   </refsect1>

-  <refsect1>

-    <title>Examples for <command>dot</command></title>

-

-    <example>

-      <title>Plots all dependencies of any unit whose name starts with

-      <literal>avahi-daemon</literal></title>

-

-      <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze dot 'avahi-daemon.*' | dot -Tsvg > avahi.svg

-$ eog avahi.svg</programlisting>

-    </example>

-

-    <example>

-      <title>Plots the dependencies between all known target units</title>

-

-      <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze dot --to-pattern='*.target' --from-pattern='*.target' | dot -Tsvg > targets.svg

-$ eog targets.svg</programlisting>

-    </example>

-  </refsect1>

-

-  <refsect1>

-    <title>Examples for <command>verify</command></title>

-

-    <para>The following errors are currently detected:</para>

-    <itemizedlist>

-      <listitem><para>unknown sections and directives,

-      </para></listitem>

-

-      <listitem><para>missing dependencies which are required to start

-      the given unit,</para></listitem>

-

-      <listitem><para>man pages listed in